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| Section | Objectives |
|---|
Protocol Analysis - 15% |
| Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods | - Select capture devices- Laptop protocol analyzers
- APs, controllers, and other management solutions
- Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices)
- Install monitor mode drivers - Select capture location(s) - Capture sufficient data for analysis - Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed - Capture roaming events |
| Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools | - Save to disk - Packet slicing - Event triggers - Buffer options - Channels and channel widths - Capture filters - Channel scanning and dwell time |
| Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions | - Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets - Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets - Configure and display columns for analysis purposes - View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process - Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels - Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures - View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis - Use expert mode for analysis - View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis |
| Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting | - WLAN scanners and discovery tools - Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools - Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools |
| Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types | - Define the problem - Determine the scale of the problem - Identify probable causes - Capture and analyze the data - Observe the problem - Choose appropriate remediation steps - Document the problem and resolution |
Spectrum Analysis - 10% |
| Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers | - Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware - Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions - Understand and use spectrum analyzer views- Real-time FFT
- Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views
- Utilization and duty cycle
- Detected devices
- WLAN integration views
|
| Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues | - RF noise floor in an environment - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal - Sources of RF interference and their locations - RF channel utilization - Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications - Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference - Poor performing or faulty radios |
| Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures | - Identify various 802.11 PHYs- DSSS
- OFDM
- OFDMA
- Channel widths
- Primary channel
- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures - Frequency hopping devices
- IoT devices
- Microwave ovens
- Video devices
- RF Jammers
- Cordless phones
|
| Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions | - AP-based spectrum analysis - Sensor-based spectrum analysis |
PHY Layers and Technologies - 10% |
| Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) | - DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) - HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) - OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) - ERP (Extended Rate PHY) - HT (High Throughput) - VHT (Very High Throughput) - HE (High Efficiency)- HE SU PPDU
- HE MU PPDU
- HE ER SU PPDU
- HE TB PPDU
- HE NULL data packets
|
| Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data | |
| Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers | - Pseudo-Header formats- Radiotap
- Per Packet Information (PPI)
- Key pseudo-header content - Guard intervals
- Resource units allocation
- PPDU formats
- Signal strength
- Noise
- Data rate and MCS index
- Length information
- Channel center frequency or received channel
- Channel properties
|
| Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers | |
| Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types | - Supported PHYs - Supported spatial streams |
MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25% |
| Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation | - Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU) |
| Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis | - Management, Control, and Data frames - MAC frame formats and contents- Frame Control field
- To DS and From DS fields
- Address fields
- Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field
- 802.11 Management frame formats - Information Elements
- Authentication
- Association and Reassociation
- Beacon
- Prove Request and Probe Response
- Data and QoS Data frame formats - 802.11 Control frame formats - Acknowledgement (ACK)
- Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
- Block Acknowledgement and related frames
- Trigger frames
- VHT/HE NDP announcements
- Multiuser RTS
|
| Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis | - Country code - Minimum basic rate - Supported rates and coding schemes - Beacon interval - WMM settings - RSN settings - HT/VHT/HE operations - Channel width - Primary channel - Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs |
| Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames | |
WLAN Medium Access - 10% |
| Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs | - Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)- Carrier Sense (CS) and Energy Detect (ED)
- Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
- Contention Windows (CW) and random backoff
- Interframe spacing
- Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) - EDCA Function (EDCAF)
- Access Categories and Queues
- Arbitration Interframe Space Number (AIFSN)
- Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) - WMM parameters
- WMM-Power Save
- WMM-Admission Control
|
| Analyze QoS configuration and operations | - Verify QoS parameters in capture files - Ensure QoS is implemented end-to-end |
802.11 Frame Exchanges - 30% |
| Capture, understand, and analyze BSS discovery and joining frame exchanges | - BSS discovery - 802.11 Authentication and Association - 802.1X/EAP exchanges - Pre-Shared Key authentication - Four-way handshake - Group key exchange - Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) - Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) - WPA2 and WPA3 - Fast secure roaming mechanisms- Fast BSS Transition (FT) roaming exchanges
- Pre-FT roaming exchanges
- Neighbor discovery (802.11k/v) - Hotspot 2.0 protocols and operations from the client access perspective |
| Analyze roaming behavior and resolve problems related to roaming | - Sticky clients - Excessive roaming - Channel aggregation for roaming analysis |
| Analyze data frame exchanges | - Data frames and acknowledgement frames - RTS/CTS data frame exchanges - QoS Data frame exchanges - Block Acknowledgement exchanges |
| Analyze MIMO and multiuser-specific transmission methods | - MIMO- Transmit Beamforming (TxBF)
- MU-MIMO
- OFDMA - Scheduling and trigger frames
|
| Analyze behavior and solve problems related to MAC layer operations | - Power Save operations - Protection mechanisms - Load balancing - Band Steering |
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